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plasma membrane, encloses contennts, semi-porous barrier. contains proteins and lipids. phospholipid bi layer, hydrophobic tails and philic heads. tails face inwards, heads outwards. also cholesterol, decreases permeability to water molecules
also has integral and peripheral proteins. cilia made of microtubules, and stereocilia aids in absorption. e.g. ear. microvilli increase SA and basal infoldings
accounts for 1/2 the cell membrane total. consists of tubules and cisternae. rough and smooth ER. rough has ribosomes on the surface. smooth synthesis lipids and detoxification
responsible for protein synthesis. consists of 80 and 40S subunits. RNA comes from nucleolus. free spread through cytosol. bound attahced to RER. proteins from bound leave cell
accumulates where energy is needed most. energy stoed in phosphate bonds. consist of outer, inner memberane. intermembranous space and matrix. outer has porin, inner folded into cristae. matrix space site of oxid. phosphoryl. enzymes for krebs found in matrix
extracellular polymeric material produced by bacteria ane epithelia, functions include protection, immunity, defense cancer, transplant compatibility, cell adhesion. consists of glycoproteins, proteoglycans
membranous vesicles, contain hydrolytic enzymes to btrak down macromolecules. made in RER -> golgi. receptors allow proteins to be diverted and segragated. primary and secondary, secondary larger contain processed
endocytosis and phagocytosis, autophagocytosis. contain partially digested residual structure. proteases, ligases, nucleases. in osteoclasts, enzymes secreted into external environment
consists of envelope, chromatin, nucelolus and nuclear matrix. envelope is 2 membranes. outer faces cytoplasm and RER. inner mesh of nuc. lamina. filamens A, B and C. In between its called perinuclear space
envelope has pores to allow RNA. chromosomes are made of chromatin - which is hetero or euch. hetero very condesnesd, marginal karyosomes ( bodies od chromatin irregular ) and nucleolus.
euchromatin spread out, transcriptionally active. present in clear areas of nuceloplasm. nucleolus, non membranous made of rRNA and proteins. 3 regions. fibrillar centre, fib material, granular material
microtubules diameter 24nm. lengths vary, consist of protofilaments, 13 arranged tublin molecules. growing and non-growing end. dimer hydrolyse GTP which forms polymers. involved in vesicle transport, cialia and flagella, cell migration and cell shape maintenance.
actin present in muscles, polymerisation requires energy, organised into a double helix. filaments anchor membrane proteins, form core of microvilli, locomotion and cell process extension
intermidiate fibers are ropelike, 8-20nm twist to form two coiled coil dimers. organised into keratin filaments, vimentin neurofilaments, and laminins